Spring-mass systems: find k and m from the setup, then the motion x(t). 60 problems with worked solutions; in 60 of them every
equation is proved by a computer algebra system.
11 worked problems
Try each one before opening the solution. Every line is labeled with what checked it. How we verify
A weight of \( \displaystyle 2 \) lb stretches a spring \( \displaystyle \frac{1}{2} \) ft. A damping force of \( \displaystyle \frac{1}{2} \) times the velocity acts on it. It starts \( \displaystyle \frac{1}{2} \) ft below equilibrium with velocity \( \displaystyle 1 \) ft/s (down is positive). Find the position x(t).
\[ \frac{2}{1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}} = 4 \]
Hooke's law: k = weight / stretch (lb/ft).✓ Proved
\[ \frac{2}{32} = \frac{1}{16} \]
m = weight / g, with g = 32 ft/s².✓ Proved
The motion satisfies m x″ + c x′ + k x = 0: 1/16x″ + 1/2x′ + 4x = 0 (x measured downward from equilibrium).
Reviewed
\[ \left(\sqrt{3} \sin{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)} + 2 \cos{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)}\right) e^{- 4 t} + \frac{\frac{d}{d t} \frac{\left(\sqrt{3} \sin{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)} + 2 \cos{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)}\right) e^{- 4 t}}{4}}{2} + \frac{\frac{d^{2}}{d t^{2}} \frac{\left(\sqrt{3} \sin{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)} + 2 \cos{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)}\right) e^{- 4 t}}{4}}{16} = 0 \]
Answer \( x(t) = \frac{\left(\sqrt{3} \sin{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)} + 2 \cos{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)}\right) e^{- 4 t}}{4} \)
✓ Nihil obstat Lines: 5 proved, 1 reviewed. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. Reviewers found nothing wrong with the explanation. The full receipt ·
How we verify
A weight of \( \displaystyle 16 \) lb stretches a spring \( \displaystyle 2 \) ft. A damping force of \( \displaystyle 2 \) times the velocity acts on it. It starts \( \displaystyle \frac{1}{2} \) ft below equilibrium with velocity \( \displaystyle -2 \) ft/s (down is positive). Find the position x(t).
\[ \frac{16}{2} = 8 \]
Hooke's law: k = weight / stretch (lb/ft).✓ Proved
\[ \frac{16}{32} = \frac{1}{2} \]
m = weight / g, with g = 32 ft/s².✓ Proved
The motion satisfies m x″ + c x′ + k x = 0: 1/2x″ + 2x′ + 8x = 0 (x measured downward from equilibrium).
✓ Nihil obstat Lines: 5 proved, 1 reviewed. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. Reviewers found nothing wrong with the explanation. The full receipt ·
How we verify
A \( \displaystyle 5 \) kg mass hangs from a spring with constant \( \displaystyle 80 \) N/m. A damping force of \( \displaystyle 40 \) times the velocity acts on it. It is released from rest \( \displaystyle \frac{1}{2} \) m below equilibrium. Find the position x(t).
The motion satisfies m x″ + c x′ + k x = 0: 5x″ + 40x′ + 80x = 0 (x measured downward from equilibrium).
✓ Nihil obstat Lines: 3 proved, 1 reviewed. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. Reviewers found nothing wrong with the explanation. The full receipt ·
How we verify
A \( \displaystyle 4 \) kg mass hangs from a spring with constant \( \displaystyle 144 \) N/m. A damping force of \( \displaystyle 60 \) times the velocity acts on it. It starts \( \displaystyle \frac{1}{2} \) m below equilibrium with velocity \( \displaystyle -2 \) m/s (down is positive). Find the position x(t).
The motion satisfies m x″ + c x′ + k x = 0: 4x″ + 60x′ + 144x = 0 (x measured downward from equilibrium).
✓ Nihil obstat Lines: 3 proved, 1 reviewed. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. Reviewers found nothing wrong with the explanation. The full receipt ·
How we verify
A \( \displaystyle 2 \) kg mass hangs from a spring with constant \( \displaystyle 50 \) N/m. A damping force of \( \displaystyle 10 \) times the velocity acts on it. It starts \( \displaystyle \frac{1}{4} \) m below equilibrium with velocity \( \displaystyle 1 \) m/s (down is positive). Find the position x(t).
The motion satisfies m x″ + c x′ + k x = 0: 2x″ + 10x′ + 50x = 0 (x measured downward from equilibrium).
✓ Nihil obstat Lines: 3 proved, 1 reviewed. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. Reviewers found nothing wrong with the explanation. The full receipt ·
How we verify
A weight of \( \displaystyle 16 \) lb stretches a spring \( \displaystyle \frac{1}{4} \) ft. There is no damping. It is released from rest \( \displaystyle \frac{1}{2} \) ft below equilibrium. Find the position x(t).
\[ \frac{16}{1 \cdot \frac{1}{4}} = 64 \]
Hooke's law: k = weight / stretch (lb/ft).✓ Proved
\[ \frac{16}{32} = \frac{1}{2} \]
m = weight / g, with g = 32 ft/s².✓ Proved
The motion satisfies m x″ + c x′ + k x = 0: 1/2x″ + 0x′ + 64x = 0 (x measured downward from equilibrium).
Reviewed
\[ 32 \cos{\left(8 \sqrt{2} t \right)} + \frac{\frac{d^{2}}{d t^{2}} \frac{\cos{\left(8 \sqrt{2} t \right)}}{2}}{2} = 0 \]
Answer \( x(t) = \frac{\cos{\left(8 \sqrt{2} t \right)}}{2} \)
✓ Nihil obstat Lines: 5 proved, 1 reviewed. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. Reviewers found nothing wrong with the explanation. The full receipt ·
How we verify
A weight of \( \displaystyle 8 \) lb stretches a spring \( \displaystyle \frac{2}{3} \) ft. There is no damping. It starts \( \displaystyle \frac{1}{2} \) ft below equilibrium with velocity \( \displaystyle -2 \) ft/s (down is positive). Find the position x(t).
\[ \frac{8}{2 \cdot \frac{1}{3}} = 12 \]
Hooke's law: k = weight / stretch (lb/ft).✓ Proved
\[ \frac{8}{32} = \frac{1}{4} \]
m = weight / g, with g = 32 ft/s².✓ Proved
The motion satisfies m x″ + c x′ + k x = 0: 1/4x″ + 0x′ + 12x = 0 (x measured downward from equilibrium).
Reviewed
\[ - 2 \sqrt{3} \sin{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)} + 6 \cos{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)} + \frac{\frac{d^{2}}{d t^{2}} \left(- \frac{\sqrt{3} \sin{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)}}{6} + \frac{\cos{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)}}{2}\right)}{4} = 0 \]
This x(t) satisfies it ...✓ Proved
\[ \left. \frac{- \sqrt{3} \sin{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)}}{6} + \frac{\cos{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)}}{2} \right|_{\substack{ t=0 }} = \frac{1}{2} \]
Answer \( x(t) = - \frac{\sqrt{3} \sin{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)}}{6} + \frac{\cos{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)}}{2} \)
✓ Nihil obstat Lines: 5 proved, 1 reviewed. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. Reviewers found nothing wrong with the explanation. The full receipt ·
How we verify
A weight of \( \displaystyle 32 \) lb stretches a spring \( \displaystyle \frac{2}{3} \) ft. There is no damping. It starts \( \displaystyle 1 \) ft below equilibrium with velocity \( \displaystyle 1 \) ft/s (down is positive). Find the position x(t).
\[ \frac{32}{2 \cdot \frac{1}{3}} = 48 \]
Hooke's law: k = weight / stretch (lb/ft).✓ Proved
\[ \frac{32}{32} = 1 \]
m = weight / g, with g = 32 ft/s².✓ Proved
The motion satisfies m x″ + c x′ + k x = 0: 1x″ + 0x′ + 48x = 0 (x measured downward from equilibrium).
Reviewed
\[ 4 \sqrt{3} \sin{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)} + 48 \cos{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)} + \frac{d^{2}}{d t^{2}} \left(\frac{\sqrt{3} \sin{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)}}{12} + \cos{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)}\right) = 0 \]
This x(t) satisfies it ...✓ Proved
\[ \left. \frac{\sqrt{3} \sin{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)}}{12} + \cos{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)} \right|_{\substack{ t=0 }} = 1 \]
... starts in the right place ...✓ Proved
\[ \left. \frac{d}{d t} \left(\frac{\sqrt{3} \sin{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)}}{12} + \cos{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)}\right) \right|_{\substack{ t=0 }} = 1 \]
... with the right velocity.✓ Proved
Answer \( x(t) = \frac{\sqrt{3} \sin{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)}}{12} + \cos{\left(4 \sqrt{3} t \right)} \)
✓ Nihil obstat Lines: 5 proved, 1 reviewed. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. Reviewers found nothing wrong with the explanation. The full receipt ·
How we verify
A \( \displaystyle 5 \) kg mass hangs from a spring with constant \( \displaystyle 20 \) N/m. There is no damping. It is released from rest \( \displaystyle \frac{1}{2} \) m below equilibrium. Find the position x(t).
The motion satisfies m x″ + c x′ + k x = 0: 5x″ + 0x′ + 20x = 0 (x measured downward from equilibrium).
Reviewed
\[ 10 \cos{\left(2 t \right)} + 5 \frac{d^{2}}{d t^{2}} \frac{\cos{\left(2 t \right)}}{2} = 0 \]
Answer \( x(t) = \frac{\cos{\left(2 t \right)}}{2} \)
✓ Nihil obstat Lines: 3 proved, 1 reviewed. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. Reviewers found nothing wrong with the explanation. The full receipt ·
How we verify
A \( \displaystyle 4 \) kg mass hangs from a spring with constant \( \displaystyle 144 \) N/m. There is no damping. It starts \( \displaystyle \frac{1}{4} \) m below equilibrium with velocity \( \displaystyle 1 \) m/s (down is positive). Find the position x(t).
The motion satisfies m x″ + c x′ + k x = 0: 4x″ + 0x′ + 144x = 0 (x measured downward from equilibrium).
Reviewed
\[ 24 \sin{\left(6 t \right)} + 36 \cos{\left(6 t \right)} + 4 \frac{d^{2}}{d t^{2}} \left(\frac{\sin{\left(6 t \right)}}{6} + \frac{\cos{\left(6 t \right)}}{4}\right) = 0 \]
This x(t) satisfies it ...✓ Proved
\[ \left. \frac{\sin{\left(6 t \right)}}{6} + \frac{\cos{\left(6 t \right)}}{4} \right|_{\substack{ t=0 }} = \frac{1}{4} \]
... starts in the right place ...✓ Proved
\[ \left. \frac{d}{d t} \left(\frac{\sin{\left(6 t \right)}}{6} + \frac{\cos{\left(6 t \right)}}{4}\right) \right|_{\substack{ t=0 }} = 1 \]
... with the right velocity.✓ Proved
Answer \( x(t) = \frac{\sin{\left(6 t \right)}}{6} + \frac{\cos{\left(6 t \right)}}{4} \)
✓ Nihil obstat Lines: 3 proved, 1 reviewed. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. Reviewers found nothing wrong with the explanation. The full receipt ·
How we verify
A \( \displaystyle 2 \) kg mass hangs from a spring with constant \( \displaystyle 50 \) N/m. There is no damping. It starts \( \displaystyle 1 \) m below equilibrium with velocity \( \displaystyle -2 \) m/s (down is positive). Find the position x(t).
The motion satisfies m x″ + c x′ + k x = 0: 2x″ + 0x′ + 50x = 0 (x measured downward from equilibrium).
Reviewed
\[ - 20 \sin{\left(5 t \right)} + 50 \cos{\left(5 t \right)} + 2 \frac{d^{2}}{d t^{2}} \left(- \frac{2 \sin{\left(5 t \right)}}{5} + \cos{\left(5 t \right)}\right) = 0 \]
This x(t) satisfies it ...✓ Proved
\[ \left. - \frac{2 \sin{\left(5 t \right)}}{5} + \cos{\left(5 t \right)} \right|_{\substack{ t=0 }} = 1 \]
... starts in the right place ...✓ Proved
\[ \left. \frac{d}{d t} \left(- \frac{2 \sin{\left(5 t \right)}}{5} + \cos{\left(5 t \right)}\right) \right|_{\substack{ t=0 }} = -2 \]
... with the right velocity.✓ Proved
Answer \( x(t) = - \frac{2 \sin{\left(5 t \right)}}{5} + \cos{\left(5 t \right)} \)
✓ Nihil obstat Lines: 3 proved, 1 reviewed. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. Reviewers found nothing wrong with the explanation. The full receipt ·
How we verify