Limit of \( \displaystyle \frac{2 x - \sin{\left(2 x \right)}}{8 x^{3}} \) as \( x \to 0 \)
Problem 1.51 · medium
Evaluate \( \displaystyle \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2 x - \sin{\left(2 x \right)}}{8 x^{3}} \).
- \[ \lim_{x \to 0^+}\left(\frac{2 x - \sin{\left(2 x \right)}}{8 x^{3}}\right) \]limitStart with the original limit.✓ Proved
- \[ = \lim_{x \to 0^+}\left(\frac{\frac{d}{d x} \left(2 x - \sin{\left(2 x \right)}\right)}{\frac{d}{d x} 8 x^{3}}\right) \]lhopitalApply L'Hopital's rule because the limit is an indeterminate form 0/0.✓ Proved
- \[ = \lim_{x \to 0^+}\left(\frac{2 - 2 \cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{24 x^{2}}\right) \]simplify factorCompute the derivatives. Factor out the constant 2.✓ Proved
- \[ = \lim_{x \to 0^+}\left(\frac{1 - \cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{12 x^{2}}\right) \]simplifySimplify the fraction.✓ Proved
- \[ = \lim_{x \to 0^+}\left(\frac{2 x^{2} + O\left(x^{4}\right)}{12 x^{2}}\right) \]rewriteUse the Taylor series expansion for cos(2x).✓ Proved
- \[ = \lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{1}{6} \]simplify algebra cancelKeep the leading term of the expansion. Expand the squared term. Cancel the x**2 terms.✓ Proved
- \[ = \frac{1}{6} \]simplifyFinal evaluation.✓ Proved
Answer \( \frac{1}{6} \)
✓ Nihil obstat Every line of this solution was proved by the computer algebra system SymPy. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. Reviewers found nothing wrong with the explanation.
The full receipt
| Line | Status | Checked by | Detail |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | line 1 is the problem as stated |
| 2 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 undefined where x = 0 undefined where Derivative(8*x**3, x) = 0 |
| 3 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 undefined where Derivative(8*x**3, x) = 0 undefined where x = 0 |
| 4 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 undefined where x = 0 |
| 5 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 undefined where x = 0 |
| 6 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 undefined where x = 0 |
| 7 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 undefined where x = 0 |
| 8 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 |
| 9 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 |
| 10 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 |
| answer | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | final line against the stated answer: simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 |
| answer, a second way | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | SymPy took the limit from both sides and got the stated value |
Reviewers
gpt-oss:20b: passqwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass — The solution correctly applies L'Hopital's rule and simplifies the resulting expression. The use of Taylor series expansion in step 6 is a valid method for evaluating the limit, and the subsequent simplification steps are algebraically sound.
Every verdict on record (4)
qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass 2026-09-29 — The solution correctly applies L'Hopital's rule and simplifies the resulting expression. The use of Taylor series expansion in step 6 is a valid method for evaluating the limit, and the subsequent simplification steps are algebraically sound.gpt-oss:20b: pass 2026-09-29qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass 2026-09-29 — The solution correctly applies L'Hopital's rule and algebraic simplification. The use of Taylor series expansion in step 6 is a valid method for evaluating the resulting limit, and the subsequent steps correctly isolate the leading term.gpt-oss:20b: pass 2026-09-29
Proved: SymPy reduced the difference between the two sides to zero. Checked independently: a separate
method, named above, confirmed it. Checked numerically: the two sides agree at every sampled point, which is evidence,
not proof. Reviewed: a model or a person read it; that is all a sentence can have. Solution by
gemma4:26b, checked 2026-09-29 with SymPy 1.14.0.