Limit of \( \displaystyle \frac{\cos{\left(2 x - 1 \right)} - 1}{e^{2 x - 1} - 1} \) as \( x \to \frac{1}{2} \)
Problem 1.456 · medium
Evaluate \( \displaystyle \lim_{x \to \frac{1}{2}} \frac{\cos{\left(2 x - 1 \right)} - 1}{e^{2 x - 1} - 1} \).
- \[ \lim_{x \to \frac{1}{2}^+}\left(\frac{\cos{\left(2 x - 1 \right)} - 1}{e^{2 x - 1} - 1}\right) \]limitStart with the original limit.✓ Proved
- \[ = \lim_{x \to \frac{1}{2}^+}\left(\frac{\frac{d}{d x} \left(\cos{\left(2 x - 1 \right)} - 1\right)}{\frac{d}{d x} \left(e^{2 x - 1} - 1\right)}\right) \]lhopitalApply L'Hôpital's rule because the limit is of the form 0/0.✓ Proved
- \[ = \lim_{x \to \frac{1}{2}^+}\left(- e^{1 - 2 x} \sin{\left(2 x - 1 \right)}\right) \]simplify simplify rewriteCompute the derivatives. Cancel the common factor of 2. Rewrite the fraction using a negative exponent.✓ Proved
- \[ = \lim_{u \to 0^+}\left(- e^{- u} \sin{\left(u \right)}\right) \]substitutionSubstitute u = 2*x - 1, so u approaches 0 as x approaches 1/2.✓ Proved
- \[ = \lim_{u \to 0^+}\left(- u e^{- u}\right) \]rewriteUse the small angle approximation sin(u) ~ u near 0.✓ Proved
- \[ = \lim_{u \to 0^+}\left(- u\right) \lim_{u \to 0^+} e^{- u} \]limit-lawApply the product rule for limits.✓ Proved
- \[ = 0 \]limit limitEvaluate the individual limits. Final result.✓ Proved
Answer \( 0 \)
Every line of this solution was proved by the computer algebra system SymPy. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. A reviewer's objection to the explanation stands; see the receipt.
The full receipt
| Line | Status | Checked by | Detail |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | line 1 is the problem as stated |
| 2 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 undefined where exp(2*x - 1) - 1 = 0 undefined where Derivative(exp(2*x - 1) - 1, x) = 0 |
| 3 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 undefined where Derivative(exp(2*x - 1) - 1, x) = 0 |
| 4 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 |
| 5 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 |
| 6 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 |
| 7 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 |
| 8 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 |
| 9 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 |
| 10 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 |
| answer | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | final line against the stated answer: simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 |
| answer, a second way | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | SymPy took the limit from both sides and got the stated value |
Reviewers
gpt-oss:20b: fail (error) — Step 7 replaces sin(u) with u, which is an approximation, not an algebraic equality. The correct approach is to use the limit sin(u)/u→1 or evaluate the limit directly; the step as written is mathematically incorrect.qwen3.6:27b-mlx: fail (misleading) — Step 7 uses an approximation (sin(u) ~ u) to replace a function inside a limit, which is not a valid algebraic manipulation or standard limit rule; it should use the standard limit lim_{u->0} sin(u)/u = 1 or L'Hôpital's rule again. Replacing sin(u) with u directly changes the expression without justification in the context of limit laws.
Every verdict on record (4)
gpt-oss:20b: fail (error) 2026-10-09 — Step 7 replaces sin(u) with u, which is an approximation, not an algebraic equality. The correct approach is to use the limit sin(u)/u→1 or evaluate the limit directly; the step as written is mathematically incorrect.qwen3.6:27b-mlx: fail (misleading) 2026-10-09 — Step 7 uses an approximation (sin(u) ~ u) to replace a function inside a limit, which is not a valid algebraic manipulation or standard limit rule; it should use the standard limit lim_{u->0} sin(u)/u = 1 or L'Hôpital's rule again. Replacing sin(u) with u directly changes the expression without justification in the context of limit laws.qwen3.6:27b-mlx: fail (misleading) 2026-10-09 — Step 7 uses the small angle approximation (sin(u) ~ u) to rewrite the limit expression. This is not a valid algebraic equivalence; it is an asymptotic approximation. While it yields the correct limit value, presenting it as an equality rewrite is mathematically imprecise and misleading for a student learning rigorous limit evaluation. A correct step would use L'Hôpital's rule again or the standard limit lim_{u->0} sin(u)/u = 1.gpt-oss:20b: fail (error) 2026-10-09 — Step 7 replaces <sin(u)> with u, which is an approximation, not an algebraic equality. The correct approach is to use the limit <sin(u)/u>→1 as u→0. This step applies two rules at once (approximation and limit) and is mathematically incorrect.
Proved: SymPy reduced the difference between the two sides to zero. Checked independently: a separate
method, named above, confirmed it. Checked numerically: the two sides agree at every sampled point, which is evidence,
not proof. Reviewed: a model or a person read it; that is all a sentence can have. Solution by
gemma4:26b, checked 2026-10-09 with SymPy 1.14.0.