Limit of \( \displaystyle \frac{1 - \cos{\left(x - 1 \right)}}{\left(x - 1\right)^{2}} \) as \( x \to 1 \)
Problem 1.419 · medium
Evaluate \( \displaystyle \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{1 - \cos{\left(x - 1 \right)}}{\left(x - 1\right)^{2}} \).
- \[ \lim_{x \to 1^+}\left(\frac{1 - \cos{\left(x - 1 \right)}}{\left(x - 1\right)^{2}}\right) \]limitStart with the limit from the right.✓ Proved
- \[ = \lim_{x \to 1^+}\left(\frac{\frac{d}{d x} \left(1 - \cos{\left(x - 1 \right)}\right)}{\frac{d}{d x} \left(x - 1\right)^{2}}\right) \]lhopitalApply L'Hopital's Rule because the limit is of the form 0/0.✓ Proved
- \[ = \lim_{x \to 1^+}\left(\frac{\sin{\left(x - 1 \right)}}{2 x - 2}\right) \]simplifyCompute the derivatives.✓ Proved
- \[ = \lim_{x \to 1^+}\left(\frac{\frac{d}{d x} \sin{\left(x - 1 \right)}}{\frac{d}{d x} \left(2 x - 2\right)}\right) \]lhopitalApply L'Hopital's Rule again because the limit is of the form 0/0.✓ Proved
- \[ = \lim_{x \to 1^+}\left(\frac{\cos{\left(x - 1 \right)}}{2}\right) \]simplifyCompute the derivatives.✓ Proved
- \[ = \frac{1}{2} \]limitEvaluate the limit by plugging in x = 1.✓ Proved
Answer \( \frac{1}{2} \)
✓ Nihil obstat Every line of this solution was proved by the computer algebra system SymPy. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. Reviewers found nothing wrong with the explanation.
The full receipt
| Line | Status | Checked by | Detail |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | line 1 is the problem as stated |
| 2 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 undefined where x - 1 = 0 undefined where Derivative((x - 1)**2, x) = 0 |
| 3 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 undefined where Derivative((x - 1)**2, x) = 0 undefined where 2*x - 2 = 0 |
| 4 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 undefined where 2*x - 2 = 0 undefined where Derivative(2*x - 2, x) = 0 |
| 5 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 undefined where Derivative(2*x - 2, x) = 0 |
| 6 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 |
| answer | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | final line against the stated answer: simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 |
| answer, a second way | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | SymPy took the limit from both sides and got the stated value |
Reviewers
gpt-oss:20b: passqwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass
Every verdict on record (4)
gpt-oss:20b: pass 2026-10-08qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass 2026-10-08qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass 2026-10-08 — The solution correctly applies L'Hopital's Rule twice and simplifies the derivatives accurately. Each step changes only one aspect of the expression and uses valid labels from the fixed vocabulary.gpt-oss:20b: pass 2026-10-08
Proved: SymPy reduced the difference between the two sides to zero. Checked independently: a separate
method, named above, confirmed it. Checked numerically: the two sides agree at every sampled point, which is evidence,
not proof. Reviewed: a model or a person read it; that is all a sentence can have. Solution by
gemma4:26b, checked 2026-10-08 with SymPy 1.14.0.