Limit of \( \displaystyle \frac{\sin^{2}{\left(2 x - 1 \right)}}{\left(2 x - 1\right)^{2}} \) as \( x \to \frac{1}{2} \)
Problem 1.150 · medium
Evaluate \( \displaystyle \lim_{x \to \frac{1}{2}} \frac{\sin^{2}{\left(2 x - 1 \right)}}{\left(2 x - 1\right)^{2}} \).
- \[ \lim_{x \to \frac{1}{2}^+}\left(\frac{\sin^{2}{\left(2 x - 1 \right)}}{\left(2 x - 1\right)^{2}}\right) \]limit algebra substitutionStart with the original limit. Rewrite the square of the fraction. Let u = 2*x - 1.✓ Proved
- \[ = \lim_{u \to 0^+}\left(\frac{\sin^{2}{\left(u \right)}}{u^{2}}\right) \]substitutionAs x approaches 1/2, u approaches 0.✓ Proved
- \[ = \lim_{u \to 0^+}\left(\frac{\frac{d}{d u} \frac{\sin^{2}{\left(u \right)}}{u^{2}}}{\frac{d}{d u} 1}\right) \]lhopitalApply L'Hôpital's rule because the limit is of form 0/0.Not checked
- \[ = \lim_{u \to 0^+}\left(\frac{2 u^{2} \sin{\left(u \right)} \cos{\left(u \right)} - 2 u \sin^{2}{\left(u \right)}}{u^{4}}\right) \]simplifyCompute the derivative of the numerator and denominator.Not checked
- \[ = \lim_{u \to 0^+}\left(\frac{2 u^{2} \sin{\left(2 u \right)} - 2 u \sin^{2}{\left(u \right)}}{u^{4}}\right) \]simplifyUse the double angle identity.Not checked
- \[ = \lim_{u \to 0^+}\left(\frac{2 \sin{\left(2 u \right)} - \frac{2 \sin^{2}{\left(u \right)}}{u}}{u^{2}}\right) \]simplifySimplify the expression by dividing by u.Not checked
- \[ = \lim_{u \to 0^+}\left(\frac{\sin{\left(u \right)}}{u}\right) \]limit-lawThe limit simplifies to the fundamental trigonometric limit.Not checked
- \[ = \lim_{u \to 0^+}\left(\frac{\frac{d}{d u} \sin{\left(u \right)}}{\frac{d}{d u} u}\right) \]lhopitalApply L'Hôpital's rule again.✓ Proved
- \[ = \lim_{u \to 0^+} \cos{\left(u \right)} \]simplifyEvaluate the derivative.✓ Proved
- \[ = 1 \]limitEvaluate the final limit.✓ Proved
Answer \( 1 \)
Lines: 8 proved, 5 not checked. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. A reviewer's objection to the explanation stands; see the receipt.
The full receipt
| Line | Status | Checked by | Detail |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | line 1 is the problem as stated |
| 2 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 undefined where 2*x - 1 = 0 |
| 3 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 undefined where 2*x - 1 = 0 |
| 4 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 undefined where 2*x - 1 = 0 undefined where u = 0 |
| 5 | Not checked | — | simplify left 1 - Limit(zoo*(u*sin(2*u) + cos(2*u) - 1)/u**3, u, 0, dir='+'); no point in the sample was defined on both lines undefined where u = 0 undefined where Derivative(1, u) = 0 |
| 6 | Not checked | — | simplify left Limit(zoo*(2*sin(u)*cos(u)/u**2 - 2*sin(u)**2/u**3), u, 0, dir='+'); no point in the sample was defined on both lines undefined where u = 0 undefined where Derivative(1, u) = 0 |
| 7 | Not checked | — | simplify left -oo; no point in the sample was defined on both lines undefined where u = 0 |
| 8 | Not checked | — | simplify left nan; no point in the sample was defined on both lines undefined where u = 0 |
| 9 | Not checked | — | simplify left oo; no point in the sample was defined on both lines undefined where u = 0 |
| 10 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 undefined where u = 0 undefined where Derivative(u, u) = 0 |
| 11 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 undefined where Derivative(u, u) = 0 |
| 12 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 |
| answer | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | final line against the stated answer: simplify(a - b) reduced to 0 |
| answer, a second way | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | SymPy took the limit from both sides and got the stated value |
Reviewers
gpt-oss:20b: fail (error) — Step 3 incorrectly re‑states the original limit instead of applying the substitution u=2x‑1. Step 5 applies L’Hôpital’s rule to sin(u)²/u², but the derivative of the numerator is 2 sin(u) cos(u), not the expression shown in step 6. The subsequent steps propagate this incorrect derivative, leading to an invalid chain of simplifications.qwen3.6:27b-mlx: fail (error) — Step 5 incorrectly applies L'Hôpital's rule by differentiating the denominator as 1 instead of u^2, resulting in a mathematically invalid expression. Step 9 jumps from a complex rational function to sin(u)/u without valid algebraic justification.
Every verdict on record (4)
qwen3.6:27b-mlx: fail (error) 2026-10-04 — Step 5 incorrectly applies L'Hôpital's rule by differentiating the denominator as 1 instead of u^2, resulting in a mathematically invalid expression. Step 9 jumps from a complex rational function to sin(u)/u without valid algebraic justification.gpt-oss:20b: fail (error) 2026-10-04 — Step 3 incorrectly re‑states the original limit instead of applying the substitution u=2x‑1. Step 5 applies L’Hôpital’s rule to sin(u)²/u², but the derivative of the numerator is 2 sin(u) cos(u), not the expression shown in step 6. The subsequent steps propagate this incorrect derivative, leading to an invalid chain of simplifications.qwen3.6:27b-mlx: fail (error) 2026-10-04 — Step 5 incorrectly applies L'Hôpital's rule by differentiating the denominator as a constant 1, whereas the denominator is u^2. Furthermore, Step 9 jumps from a complex rational expression to sin(u)/u without valid algebraic justification, skipping necessary simplification steps.gpt-oss:20b: fail (error) 2026-10-04 — Several steps apply multiple rules or incorrect rules. Step 3 repeats the same expression with an invalid substitution label. Step 5 incorrectly applies L’Hôpital’s rule to <sin(u)^2/u^2>, using Derivative(1,u) for the denominator and computing the derivative of the numerator incorrectly. The subsequent algebraic simplifications (steps 6–8) are based on these wrong derivatives, leading to an invalid chain of reasoning.
Proved: SymPy reduced the difference between the two sides to zero. Checked independently: a separate
method, named above, confirmed it. Checked numerically: the two sides agree at every sampled point, which is evidence,
not proof. Reviewed: a model or a person read it; that is all a sentence can have. Solution by
gemma4:26b, checked 2026-10-04 with SymPy 1.14.0.