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Integral of \( \displaystyle \frac{\left(3 x - 1\right)^{2} + 1}{\left(3 x - 2\right) \left(3 x - 1\right)} \)

Problem 4.800 · hard

Find \( \displaystyle \int \frac{\left(3 x - 1\right)^{2} + 1}{\left(3 x - 2\right) \left(3 x - 1\right)} \, dx \). (Omit the constant of integration.)
  1. \[ \int \frac{\left(3 x - 1\right)^{2} + 1}{\left(3 x - 2\right) \left(3 x - 1\right)}\, dx \]
    integralStart with the integral of the given function.✓ Proved
  2. \[ = \int \frac{9 x^{2} - 6 x + 2}{\left(3 x - 2\right) \left(3 x - 1\right)}\, dx \]
    algebraExpand the numerator.✓ Proved
  3. \[ = \int \frac{9 x^{2} - 6 x + 2}{9 x^{2} - 9 x + 2}\, dx \]
    algebraExpand the denominator.✓ Proved
  4. \[ = \int \left(\frac{3 x}{9 x^{2} - 9 x + 2} + 1\right)\, dx \]
    long-divisionPerform polynomial long division.✓ Proved
  5. \[ = \int 1\, dx + \int \frac{3 x}{9 x^{2} - 9 x + 2}\, dx \]
    linearitySplit the integral into two parts.✓ Proved
  6. \[ = \int 1\, dx + \int \left(- \frac{1}{3 x - 1} + \frac{2}{3 x - 2}\right)\, dx \]
    partial-fractionsUse partial fraction decomposition on the remainder.✓ Proved
  7. \[ = \int 1\, dx + \int \frac{2}{3 x - 2}\, dx + \int \left(- \frac{1}{3 x - 1}\right)\, dx \]
    linearitySplit the integral into three parts.≈ Checked numerically
  8. \[ = x + \frac{2 \ln{\left(3 x - 2 \right)}}{3} - \frac{\ln{\left(3 x - 1 \right)}}{3} \]
    antiderivativeIntegrate each term separately.✓ Proved
Answer \( x + \frac{2 \ln{\left(x - \frac{2}{3} \right)}}{3} - \frac{\ln{\left(x - \frac{1}{3} \right)}}{3} + C \)

✓ Nihil obstat Lines: 7 proved, 2 checked numerically. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. Reviewers found nothing wrong with the explanation.

The full receipt
LineStatusChecked byDetail
1✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0line 1 is the problem as stated
2✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where 3*x - 1 = 0
undefined where 3*x - 2 = 0
3✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where 3*x - 1 = 0
undefined where 3*x - 2 = 0
undefined where 9*x**2 - 9*x + 2 = 0
4✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where 9*x**2 - 9*x + 2 = 0
5✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where 9*x**2 - 9*x + 2 = 0
6✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where 9*x**2 - 9*x + 2 = 0
undefined where 3*x - 1 = 0
undefined where 3*x - 2 = 0
7≈ Checked numericallysympy 1.14.0sympy 1.14.0: simplify left 2*log(x - 2/3)/3 - log(x - 1/3)/3 - 2*log(3*x - 2)/3 + log(3*x - 1)/3; numeric agreement only, at 24 of 24 sampled points
undefined where 3*x - 1 = 0
undefined where 3*x - 2 = 0
8✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where 3*x - 1 = 0
undefined where 3*x - 2 = 0
log is undefined for non-positive arguments
answer≈ Checked numericallysympy 1.14.0sympy 1.14.0: final line against the stated answer: simplify left -2*log(x - 2/3)/3 + log(x - 1/3)/3 + 2*log(3*x - 2)/3 - log(3*x - 1)/3; numeric agreement only, at 24 of 24 sampled points
log is undefined for non-positive arguments
answer, a second way✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0SymPy differentiated the stated antiderivative back to the integrand

Reviewers

  • gpt-oss:20b: pass
  • qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass — The solution correctly applies polynomial long division and partial fraction decomposition. The final integration steps are algebraically equivalent to the stated answer, differing only by constant terms absorbed into the omitted constant of integration.
Every verdict on record (4)
  • gpt-oss:20b: pass 2026-10-10
  • qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass 2026-10-10 — The solution correctly applies polynomial long division and partial fraction decomposition. The final integration steps are algebraically equivalent to the stated answer, differing only by constant terms absorbed into the omitted constant of integration.
  • qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass 2026-10-10 — The solution correctly applies polynomial long division, partial fraction decomposition, and linearity of integration. The final antiderivative is algebraically equivalent to the stated answer.
  • gpt-oss:20b: pass 2026-10-10

Proved: SymPy reduced the difference between the two sides to zero. Checked independently: a separate method, named above, confirmed it. Checked numerically: the two sides agree at every sampled point, which is evidence, not proof. Reviewed: a model or a person read it; that is all a sentence can have. Solution by gemma4:26b, checked 2026-10-10 with SymPy 1.14.0.