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Definite integrals by substitution

Problem 4.304 · medium

Evaluate \( \displaystyle \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{4 \cos{\left(x \right)}}{\left(\sin{\left(x \right)} + 1\right)^{2}}\, dx \).

Let u = sin(x) + 1; then du = cos(x) dx, which is in the integrand up to a constant.
Reviewed
\[ \left. \sin{\left(x \right)} + 1 \right|_{\substack{ x=0 }} = 1 \]
The lower limit in u.✓ Proved
\[ \left. \sin{\left(x \right)} + 1 \right|_{\substack{ x=\frac{\pi}{2} }} = 2 \]
The upper limit in u.✓ Proved
\[ \int\limits_{1}^{2} \frac{4}{u^{2}}\, du = 2 \]
Integrate in u between the new limits; no back-substitution needed.✓ Proved

Answer \( 2 \)

✓ Nihil obstat Lines: 3 proved, 1 reviewed. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. Reviewers found nothing wrong with the explanation.

The full receipt

Line	Status	Checked by	Detail
1	Reviewed	reviewers: gpt-oss:20b, qwen3.6:27b-mlx	a sentence; read, not computed
2	✓ Proved	sympy 1.14.0	simplify(lhs - rhs) reduced to 0
3	✓ Proved	sympy 1.14.0	simplify(lhs - rhs) reduced to 0
4	✓ Proved	sympy 1.14.0	simplify(lhs - rhs) reduced to 0
answer, a second way	✓ Checked independently	sympy 1.14.0 + mpmath 1.3.0	numerical quadrature of the original integral

Reviewers

gpt-oss:20b: pass
qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass — The solution correctly applies the substitution method, accurately transforms the limits of integration, and computes the definite integral correctly.

Every verdict on record (4)

qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass 2026-10-04 — The solution correctly applies the substitution method, accurately transforms the limits of integration, and computes the definite integral correctly.
gpt-oss:20b: pass 2026-10-04
qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass 2026-10-04 — The solution correctly applies u-substitution, accurately transforms the limits of integration, and computes the definite integral correctly.
gpt-oss:20b: pass 2026-10-04

Proved: SymPy reduced the difference between the two sides to zero. Checked independently: a separate method, named above, confirmed it. Checked numerically: the two sides agree at every sampled point, which is evidence, not proof. Reviewed: a model or a person read it; that is all a sentence can have. Solution by generator:structured/definite_substitution, checked 2026-10-04 with SymPy 1.14.0.