Accumulation functions
Problem 4.1494 · easy
Use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to write \( \displaystyle F(x) = \displaystyle \int_{-1}^{x} t - 2 \, dt \) as a function of \( \displaystyle x \).
- \[ \frac{d}{d t} \left(\frac{t^{2}}{2} - 2 t\right) = t - 2 \]An antiderivative of the integrand is t**2/2 - 2*t.✓ Proved
- \[ - \left. \frac{t^{2}}{2} - 2 t \right|_{\substack{ t=-1 }} + \left. \frac{t^{2}}{2} - 2 t \right|_{\substack{ t=x }} = \frac{x^{2}}{2} - 2 x - \frac{5}{2} \]F(x) = G(x) − G(a).✓ Proved
- \[ \frac{d}{d x} \left(\frac{x^{2}}{2} - 2 x - \frac{5}{2}\right) = x - 2 \]F′(x) = f(x), as FTC Part 1 says.✓ Proved
- \[ \left. \frac{x^{2}}{2} - 2 x - \frac{5}{2} \right|_{\substack{ x=-1 }} = 0 \]And F(-1) = 0.✓ Proved
Answer \( F(x) = \frac{x^{2}}{2} - 2 x - \frac{5}{2} \)
✓ Nihil obstat Every line of this solution was proved by the computer algebra system SymPy. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. Reviewers found nothing wrong with the explanation. How we verify
The full receipt
| Line | Status | Checked by | Detail |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(lhs - rhs) reduced to 0 |
| 2 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(lhs - rhs) reduced to 0 |
| 3 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(lhs - rhs) reduced to 0 |
| 4 | ✓ Proved | sympy 1.14.0 | simplify(lhs - rhs) reduced to 0 |
| answer, a second way | ✓ Checked independently | sympy 1.14.0 + mpmath 1.3.0 | numerical quadrature from a to three values of x |
Reviewers
gpt-oss:20b: passqwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass — The solution correctly applies the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate the definite integral as a function of x. The algebraic steps and verification checks are correct.
Every verdict on record (6)
qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass 2026-11-13 — The solution correctly applies the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate the definite integral as a function of x. The algebraic steps and verification checks are correct.gpt-oss:20b: pass 2026-11-13qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass 2026-11-12 — The solution correctly applies the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate the definite integral and verifies the result. The steps are logically sound and algebraically correct.gpt-oss:20b: pass 2026-11-12qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass 2026-11-12gpt-oss:20b: pass 2026-11-12
Proved: SymPy reduced the difference between the two sides to zero. Checked independently: a separate
method, named above, confirmed it. Checked numerically: the two sides agree at every sampled point, which is evidence,
not proof. Reviewed: a model or a person read it; that is all a sentence can have. Solution by
generator:structured/ftc_accumulation, checked 2026-11-13 with SymPy 1.14.0.