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Derivative of \( \displaystyle \ln{\left(\frac{e^{1 - x}}{\cos{\left(x - 1 \right)}} \right)} \)

Problem 2.906 · hard Beautiful

Differentiate \( \displaystyle f(x) = \ln{\left(\frac{e^{1 - x}}{\cos{\left(x - 1 \right)}} \right)} \).
  1. \[ \frac{d}{d x} \ln{\left(\frac{e^{1 - x}}{\cos{\left(x - 1 \right)}} \right)} \]
    derivativeStart with the derivative of the function.✓ Proved
  2. \[ = \frac{d}{d x} \left(- x - \ln{\left(\cos{\left(x - 1 \right)} \right)} + 1\right) \]
    algebra simplifyUse the property log(a/b) = log(a) - log(b). Simplify log(exp(1 - x)) to 1 - x.✓ Proved
  3. \[ = \frac{d}{d x} \left(1 - x\right) - \frac{d}{d x} \ln{\left(\cos{\left(x - 1 \right)} \right)} \]
    sumApply the linearity of the derivative.✓ Proved
  4. \[ = - \frac{d}{d x} \ln{\left(\cos{\left(x - 1 \right)} \right)} - 1 \]
    constantThe derivative of 1 - x is -1.✓ Proved
  5. \[ = -1 - \frac{\frac{d}{d x} \cos{\left(x - 1 \right)}}{\cos{\left(x - 1 \right)}} \]
    chainApply the chain rule to the second term.✓ Proved
  6. \[ = \frac{\sin{\left(x - 1 \right)}}{\cos{\left(x - 1 \right)}} - 1 \]
    trig algebraThe derivative of cos(x - 1) is -sin(x - 1). Simplify the fraction.✓ Proved
  7. \[ = \tan{\left(x - 1 \right)} - 1 \]
    trig algebraUse the identity tan(u) = sin(u)/cos(u). Rearrange the terms.✓ Proved
Answer \( \tan{\left(x - 1 \right)} - 1 \)

✓ Nihil obstat Every line of this solution was proved by the computer algebra system SymPy. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. Reviewers found nothing wrong with the explanation.

The full receipt
LineStatusChecked byDetail
1✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0line 1 is the problem as stated
2✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
log is undefined for non-positive arguments
undefined where cos(x - 1) = 0
3✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
log is undefined for non-positive arguments
4✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
log is undefined for non-positive arguments
5✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
log is undefined for non-positive arguments
6✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
log is undefined for non-positive arguments
undefined where cos(x - 1) = 0
7✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where cos(x - 1) = 0
8✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where cos(x - 1) = 0
9✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where cos(x - 1) = 0
tan has poles at odd multiples of pi/2
10✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
tan has poles at odd multiples of pi/2
answer✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0final line against the stated answer: simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
tan has poles at odd multiples of pi/2
answer, a second way✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0SymPy differentiated f directly and got the stated answer

Reviewers

  • gpt-oss:20b: pass
  • qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass — The solution correctly applies logarithmic properties, linearity, and the chain rule. Each step isolates a single transformation and uses an appropriate label from the fixed vocabulary.
Every verdict on record (4)
  • qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass 2026-09-26 — The solution correctly applies logarithmic properties, linearity, and the chain rule. Each step isolates a single transformation and uses an appropriate label from the fixed vocabulary.
  • gpt-oss:20b: pass 2026-09-26
  • qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass 2026-09-26 — The solution correctly applies the logarithmic properties, linearity of differentiation, and chain rule in separate, distinct steps. All labels are appropriate for the operations performed.
  • gpt-oss:20b: pass 2026-09-26

Proved: SymPy reduced the difference between the two sides to zero. Checked independently: a separate method, named above, confirmed it. Checked numerically: the two sides agree at every sampled point, which is evidence, not proof. Reviewed: a model or a person read it; that is all a sentence can have. Solution by gemma4:26b, checked 2026-09-26 with SymPy 1.14.0.