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Derivative of \( \displaystyle - \frac{\ln{\left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} - 1 \right)}}{4} + \frac{\ln{\left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} + 1 \right)}}{4} \)

Problem 2.60 · hard Beautiful

Differentiate \( \displaystyle f(x) = - \frac{\ln{\left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} - 1 \right)}}{4} + \frac{\ln{\left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} + 1 \right)}}{4} \).
  1. \[ \frac{d}{d x} \left(- \frac{\ln{\left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} - 1 \right)}}{4} + \frac{\ln{\left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} + 1 \right)}}{4}\right) \]
    derivativeStart with the derivative of the function.✓ Proved
  2. \[ = \frac{d}{d x} \left(- \frac{\ln{\left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} - 1 \right)}}{4}\right) + \frac{d}{d x} \frac{\ln{\left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} + 1 \right)}}{4} \]
    sum constant-multipleApply the sum rule. Factor out the constant coefficients.✓ Proved
  3. \[ = - \frac{\frac{d}{d x} \ln{\left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} - 1 \right)}}{4} + \frac{\frac{d}{d x} \ln{\left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} + 1 \right)}}{4} \]
    constant-multipleDistribute the constant factor.✓ Proved
  4. \[ = \frac{\frac{d}{d x} \left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} + 1\right)}{4 \left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} + 1\right)} - \frac{\frac{d}{d x} \left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} - 1\right)}{4 \left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} - 1\right)} \]
    chainApply the chain rule to the logarithmic terms.✓ Proved
  5. \[ = \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \frac{d}{d x} 2 x}{4 \left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} + 1\right)} - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \frac{d}{d x} 2 x}{4 \left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} - 1\right)} \]
    chainApply the chain rule to the sine terms.✓ Proved
  6. \[ = \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{2 \left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} + 1\right)} - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{2 \left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} - 1\right)} \]
    derivative algebraDifferentiate the inner function 2*x. Simplify the coefficients and fractions.✓ Proved
  7. \[ = \frac{\left(\frac{1}{\sin{\left(2 x \right)} + 1} - \frac{1}{\sin{\left(2 x \right)} - 1}\right) \cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{2} \]
    algebraFactor out the common term 1/2 * cos(2*x).✓ Proved
  8. \[ = - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{\left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} - 1\right) \left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} + 1\right)} \]
    algebraFind a common denominator for the terms in the parentheses.✓ Proved
  9. \[ = - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{\sin^{2}{\left(2 x \right)} - 1} \]
    algebra simplify algebraExpand the numerator and denominator. Combine like terms in the numerator. Simplify the fraction by canceling the 2.✓ Proved
  10. \[ = \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{1 - \sin^{2}{\left(2 x \right)}} \]
    algebraMultiply the numerator and denominator by -1.✓ Proved
  11. \[ = \frac{1}{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}} \]
    rewrite simplifyUse the trigonometric identity 1 - sin^2(u) = cos^2(u). Simplify the fraction by canceling one cos(2*x).✓ Proved
  12. \[ = \sec{\left(2 x \right)} \]
    rewriteUse the definition of the secant function.✓ Proved
Answer \( \frac{1}{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}} \)
Mind the domain. The answer is also defined at points where f(x) is not. Substituting there gives a number that is not a slope of f.

✓ Nihil obstat Every line of this solution was proved by the computer algebra system SymPy. The answer was also checked a second way, without looking at the solution. Reviewers found nothing wrong with the explanation.

The full receipt
LineStatusChecked byDetail
1✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0line 1 is the problem as stated
2✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
log is undefined for non-positive arguments
3✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
log is undefined for non-positive arguments
4✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
log is undefined for non-positive arguments
5✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
log is undefined for non-positive arguments
undefined where sin(2*x) - 1 = 0
undefined where sin(2*x) + 1 = 0
6✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where sin(2*x) - 1 = 0
undefined where sin(2*x) + 1 = 0
7✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where sin(2*x) - 1 = 0
undefined where sin(2*x) + 1 = 0
8✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where sin(2*x) - 1 = 0
undefined where sin(2*x) + 1 = 0
9✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where sin(2*x) - 1 = 0
undefined where sin(2*x) + 1 = 0
10✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where sin(2*x) - 1 = 0
undefined where sin(2*x) + 1 = 0
11✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where sin(2*x) - 1 = 0
undefined where sin(2*x) + 1 = 0
undefined where sin(2*x)**2 - 1 = 0
12✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where sin(2*x)**2 - 1 = 0
13✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where sin(2*x)**2 - 1 = 0
14✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where sin(2*x)**2 - 1 = 0
undefined where 1 - sin(2*x)**2 = 0
15✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where 1 - sin(2*x)**2 = 0
undefined where cos(2*x) = 0
16✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where cos(2*x) = 0
17✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where cos(2*x) = 0
sec has poles at odd multiples of pi/2
answer✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0final line against the stated answer: simplify(a - b) reduced to 0
undefined where cos(2*x) = 0
answer, a second way✓ Provedsympy 1.14.0SymPy differentiated f directly and got the stated answer

Reviewers

  • gpt-oss:20b: pass
  • deepseek-r1:70b: pass
  • qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass — The solution correctly applies differentiation rules and algebraic simplifications in single-step increments. All labels are valid and accurately describe the transformations performed.
Every verdict on record (12)
  • qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass 2026-09-20 — The solution correctly applies differentiation rules and algebraic simplifications in single-step increments. All labels are valid and accurately describe the transformations performed.
  • gpt-oss:20b: pass 2026-09-20
  • qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass 2026-09-20 — The solution correctly applies differentiation rules and algebraic simplifications in a step-by-step manner. Each step changes only one aspect of the expression and uses valid labels from the fixed vocabulary.
  • gpt-oss:20b: pass 2026-09-20
  • qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass 2026-09-19 — The solution correctly applies differentiation rules and algebraic simplifications in a step-by-step manner, adhering to the one-change-per-step constraint and using valid labels from the fixed vocabulary.
  • deepseek-r1:70b: pass 2026-09-19
  • gpt-oss:20b: pass 2026-09-19
  • qwen3.6:27b-mlx: pass 2026-09-19 — The solution correctly applies differentiation rules and algebraic simplifications in single-step increments. The final step rewriting 1/cos(2*x) as sec(2*x) is a valid presentation choice, even though the stated answer was 1/cos(2*x), as they are algebraically equivalent.
  • deepseek-r1:70b: pass 2026-09-19
  • gpt-oss:20b: pass 2026-09-19
  • gpt-oss:20b: fail 2026-09-17 — Step 13’s note claims a 2 is cancelled, but the step actually multiplies the numerator and denominator by –1 to change the sign. This misleads the reader about the operation performed.
  • deepseek-r1:70b: pass 2026-09-17

Proved: SymPy reduced the difference between the two sides to zero. Checked independently: a separate method, named above, confirmed it. Checked numerically: the two sides agree at every sampled point, which is evidence, not proof. Reviewed: a model or a person read it; that is all a sentence can have. Solution by gemma4:26b, checked 2026-09-26 with SymPy 1.14.0.